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做過托福閱讀的同學都知道在托福閱讀中有十大題型，這當中最沒有存在感的題型是什么呢？大概就是指代題了吧。這種題型的題量不多，在不加試的情況下，三篇文章可能只會考到一道指代題。而且在TPO1-53的所有題目中，指代題一共考察過23道。這可能會給大部分同學一種錯覺，指代似乎并不是那么重要。但也就是這么一個小小的指代，會影響到我們做其他題型的正確率以及速度。不信的話，我們來看一道題目吧。

[TPO34-] Protection of Plants by Insects

Paragraph 5: … Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are snot big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.

According to paragraph 5, ants defend morning glory plants from seed beetles in each of the following ways EXCEPT

A) driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feet

B) catching and eating adult beetles 

C) ating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits

D) making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits 

Step 1:

按照否定事實題的解法，重點先看選項，要利用選項中的一些特殊詞匯在原文段落中進行定位。那我們就來劃一下定位詞。

A)  driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feet 

B)  catching and eating adult beetles

C) eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits

D)  making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits

Step 2:

利用選項中的定位詞在原文中找到具體的句子

… Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.

做到這一步，可能有同學就懵了，怎么四個選項都有，而且如果對prey(捕食)這個詞不熟悉的話，很有可能就會錯選到B選項了。

好，我們來看by nipping at their feet的部分，有一個their，那我們往回找出their的指代內容，會發現，實際上their指代的是grasshoppers。這樣就與題目中ants defend morning glory plants from seed beetles發生了沖突，所以正確答案應該是A。

不要小看一個小小的指代，如果沒有弄明白到底指代的內容是什么，很容易就會做錯題。

此外，我們再來看一道句子插入題。

Despite its mostly unremarkable characteristics, the Northern Spotted Owl found itself in the center of a struggle between environmentalists and the logging industry in the 1990s due to its habitat. [A] This bird of prey occupies a very confined range of the North American continent, making its home in large tracts of old-growth forest in the Pacific Northwest, a region stretching along the coast from northern California to the southernmost part of British Columbia. [B] In the summer of 1990, the Northern Spotted Owl was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, and all logging operations in national forests in the region were halted. [C] Loss of old-growth forest was seen as the primary cause of an alarming decrease in the population of the owls. [D] Thousands of jobs in the industry were lost as a result, and the timber market experienced a drop in supply and subsequent price increases.

Logging interests have traditionally been strong here because of the immense size of the native tree species.

Where would the sentence best fit?

在做這道題的過程中，有很多同學會利用logging這個詞在原文中進行重復話題詞的查找，但是這樣并不能夠幫助我們很快地解答這道題。但如果我們能夠留意到句子中的一個指代”here”就會很好辦了?？吹?rdquo;here”這個指代自然就要想到這個句子的前面應該出現過某個地點，所以我們可以把答案的范圍縮小到A和B，A的前面有”habitat棲息地”，B的前面有”Pacific Northwest, a region … British Columbia”。那到底是選A還是選B呢？同樣的，我們需要利用句子中的指代?？吹紸選項的后面，出現了”this bird of prey”，而這個指代在待插入的句子中找不到相應的詞，所以我們可以肯定答案選的是B。

經過這兩道題，希望能夠引起大家對句子中指代的重視。