新托福閱讀重點題型與難點關鍵句詳解！

托福閱讀主要是考察童鞋們的閱讀理解和對于正確信息提取的能力，所以在閱讀中出現的長難句是最大難點之一，而托福閱讀十種題型中的句子簡化題更是針對文章中的長難句進行重點考察！提醒童鞋們在平時備考時要特別注意句子結構的分析和重要信息的提取！下面咱們一起來學習新托福閱讀重點題型和難點關鍵句的講解，希望在備考路上能助童鞋們一臂之力！

 

托福閱讀每篇平均字數約為700，實際考試中相差不會太多，其中：第1， 第5種題型，占的分量最多，難度也不大，要保證一個也不錯；第9，第10種題目，難度最大，想取得高分，必須要多做綜合練習；剩下的題型也很重要，想取得高分，一個都不能少！重點題型如下：

1. Factual Information Questions-細節題

一般來說mentioned only in part of the passage. 答題的信息就在段落的1，2句話中

技巧：你不可能在第一遍閱讀的時候，就找到正確答案，需要看題目以后，回頭再找；排除那些本身就很矛盾的選項，千萬不要因為你看這某個單詞或者句子在段落中出現過，就選擇那個選項，一定要回答問題

2. Negative Factual Information Questions-排除題

首先需要定位：locate the relevant info. in the passage

注意，這種問題你要選擇的正確答案， 是那個不正確的，問題里面會明確的指出：which one is NOT true

技巧：選項里面的答案，可能敘述了一段的意思，也可能敘述了好幾段；正確的那個答案，要么是直接和文章的意思矛盾，要么是文章里面沒有提到的

3. Inference Questions-推斷題

注意的字眼是infer, imply, inferred

技巧: 正確的答案,必須是從文章已給內容推出的,特別注意

4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions-修飾目的題

Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively.

他不關心作者說了什么,關心的是作者為什么要這樣說

技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of這樣的題目尤其會側重句子還有段落之間的邏輯聯系

5. Vocabulary Questions-詞匯題

不要太在意這個單詞在字典里面什么意思，最重要的是，這個單詞在文章里面的意思：in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant

技巧：問題是問你單詞在文章里面的意思！！！

6. Reference Questions-指代題

主要是問代詞指代的內容是什么（代詞指代的東西，一般來說就在你這個代詞的前面，或者隔了1個短語，不會太遠：...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, XXX...一般來說，XXX不是指代C就是指代B，不會跑太遠）

技巧：代詞， pronoun, 在選擇以后，檢查答案的時候，一定要注意一致性：the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person當你選擇了答案以后，你的選擇會不會違反語法原則，并且會不會有意義

7. Sentence Simplification Questions-簡化句子題

并不是每一篇文章都有這樣的題目，一篇文章最多只有1個

8. Insert Text Questions-插入句子題

不是每篇閱讀都有這樣的題目，一篇文章最多只有1個

技巧：從文章結構下手， structure；從邏輯下手， logic

尤其注意邏輯的連接單詞和語句， 例子：on the other hand, for example, on the contrary, similiary, in contrast, further or furthermore, therefore, in other words, as a resule, finally一定要注意，你插入的語句，一定要承上啟下，即對前面的語句負責，又對后面的語句負責

9. Prose Summary Questions-文章內容小結題

做這種歸納題目，最重要的是，要通篇的閱讀

技巧：1.區別例子和主旨，例子是用來說明主旨的，例子不是主旨；2. 局限性的答案一定是錯誤的，主旨是讓你找到major oint,千萬不要讓minor給迷惑了

10. Fill in a Table Questions-完成圖表題

這種題目，就是題目給了你幾個空，讓你把正確的答案拖到相應的位置，需要通篇閱讀，不簡單，關鍵是要明白幾種關系：cause-effect relationships, compare-contrast relationships, arguements, and the like.

也可以稱作文章的組織關系,types of organization: compare/contrast, problem/solution, cause/effect, alternative arguements(such as theories, hypotheses), and the like

在真實考試的時候：drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. to view the passage, click on View Text.

修難點關鍵句（含譯文）

1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.
系好安全帶能夠挽救性命，它能將喪生和重傷的概率減少一半以上。

2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.
但是司機有責任確保14歲以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他們系好了安全帶。

3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.
當然，如果有以下情況你可以不系安全帶：你在倒車時，或者你用一種特殊交通工具進行當地的貨物運送、收集時，或者你有合法的醫學證明你不能系安全帶時。

4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.
注意你如果不這么做（系安全帶）的話，你有可能被告上法庭，而且你有可能被處以罰款除非你能證明你有不帶安全帶的理由。

5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.
Taiju Matsuzawa 教授想找出為什么日本北部的健康農民在相對年輕的年齡就顯得開始失去思考與推理的能力的原因以及怎樣才能延緩老化過程。

6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
在東京國立大學的同事們的幫助下，他開始對一千來自不同職業的人群進行了大腦體積的測量。

7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character.
計算機技術幫助研究人員獲得人腦前部和側部的準確體積，這是與人的智能和情緒有關的部分，而且也決定人的性格特點。

8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.
有的人(大腦)前部和側部的收縮——隨著細胞的死亡——在三十多歲時就能被觀察到了，但是也有些人直到六七歲依然不明顯。

9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.
研究結果表明在農村的人大腦收縮基本上比城市里的人要早。

10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
在政府部門從事簡單重復工作的白領也像農場工人、公共汽車司機和商店職員一樣大腦細胞容易收縮。

11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.
我們知道你們很看重你們在大學里面教育的學習方法，而且我們的年輕人與你們生活的花費即使對于你們來說也不便宜。

12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.
但是你們也要明白不同的民族看待事物有不同的方法，所以如果剛好我們的看法與你們的不一樣的話，你們也不應覺得被冒犯了。

13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.
當然，對于你們的盛情我們沒有被逼迫的感覺，盡管我們拒絕接受。而且，為了表示我們的感謝，如果維吉利亞洲的紳士們愿意派來一些他們的子弟的話，我們會盡全力教育他們，并把他們培養成為真正的男人。

14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earth’s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.
在這個像是計算機史前時代的時代，地球的戰后時代，人們普遍擔憂有一天計算機會取代人類控制世界。

15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.
今天或者不到五十年后，計算機將越來越多的減輕人們的工作事務和日常瑣事。我們也將面對一個沒有什么戲劇性和更不可預測的問題。

16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.
顯然，如果你不得不檢查計算機提供的所有答案的話，對它投資就沒有任何意義了。但是當人們覺的計算機確實出了一些問題的時候，應該靠自己內部的“計算機”來檢查機器。

17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.
當然牛頓在他的作品中寫到了一些理論方面的東西，但他不愿進行更加深刻的研究。

18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.
除了一些洲際旅行者和以大海為生的人，對于大多數人來說，大海是遙遠的，沒有什么必要提出太多問題，更別說思考大海海底的東西了。

19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.
當鋪設一條從歐洲到美洲的海底電報光纜的時候，出于商業動機，人們第一次不得不回答這個問題“海底是什么東西”。

20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
在早期的嘗試中，光纜鋪設失敗，不得不取出來維修。這時人們發現上面覆蓋有生物，這推翻了當時科學界認為深海沒有生命的理論。

21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.
學生們所學的每一門課程都有分數，而且要被記錄存檔，這可以用來提供給將來學生的雇主們。

22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.
所有這些給學生們施加了很大的壓力，盡管如此，學生們還是積極參加學生活動。

23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.
而有效遵守紀律的學生們往往是那些經常給校方提建議的學生。

24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
當丈夫們和妻子們認識到這種能量圈的意思以及各個家庭成員所處的圈之后，許多家庭爭吵就結束了。

25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
只要可能，在下午做那些程序化的工作，把需要更多能量的工作留到你效率最好的時候去做。

26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
我們也很看重個人品德和社交技能，我們發現混合能力的教育對學習的各個方面都有幫助。

27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.
他們也要學習如何處理個人問題和怎樣思考，怎樣決策、分析和評估以及有效溝通。

28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
問題是，怎樣鼓勵一個孩子在寫作時自由自信的表達自己，而不被拼寫的復雜所捆繞。

29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil’s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child’s deep feelings.
這可能是對學生在寫作中的技術能力的尖銳批評，但也是老師的失敗的悲哀反映——忽略了朗讀文章，這其中優美的表達可以激發孩子們的深刻感受。

30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.
老師注重錯誤沒錯，但是如果他更注重孩子的思想的話，他失望的表現會使孩子有提高的動力。

31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.
根據政府和私人雇主的性質來看，私人雇主更有可能采取歧視。

32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.
這種化合物通過碳的釋放來實現循環，主要依靠喜氧和厭氧細菌以及一些菌類的活動。

33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t.
一場激烈的爭論在一個女孩和一位少校中展開了，前者說女人們已經不再“看到老鼠就從椅子上跳起來”了，而后者說她們依然那樣。

34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.
他們在嘗試尋找是否我們教授孩子們語言的方法中有阻礙孩子們迅速學習語言的東西。

35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.
使用計算機來拷貝大腦工作方式的數學家們發現即使使用最先進的電子設備，他們也要建造一臺超過10，000公斤的計算機。

36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships.
既然不同的人們在他們的業余時間做不同的事情，我們可以列出一長串愛好列表，包括從收集火柴盒到養珍稀魚類以及學習星學和制造航模等各種消遣。

37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.
他們知道在冰面下面游泳的海豹呼吸的熱氣會使冰面上出現洞口，于是他們就在洞旁守侯并捕殺海豹。

38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.
只要一個人沒有屬于其他人種的明顯的特征，我們就可以判斷他是否屬于白色人種。

39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?
盡管在學校，企業和政府中不誠實的欺詐行為近年來比以往都要多，大那也許是因為我們在這些方面加大了揭露的力度。

40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.
并不是與獨立理論不一致，而是與其應用不相符合：愛情小說可以以任何一種形式展現或者根本沒有特殊的規律，他們沒有累積效果，就像現代小說家的作品一樣獨立。

41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
對于針對美國黑人的種族歧視，他的理論相對成立得較好，但是他將種族偏見如此定義：“在某一特定區域內的種族競爭中被普遍接受的一個種族所受到的基于種族的負面偏見。”可以看作也包含有對象加州的中國人以及中世紀的猶太人等少數民族的敵視。

42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
加特曼確鑿地說明黑人家庭的穩定鼓勵了黑人文化遺產的傳遞和維護，這些遺產包括從一代傳到另一代的民間傳說，音樂，和宗教表述，這些遺產使非洲和美洲的奴隸們特色顯著。

43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
即使社會系統的民間知識中像掙錢，花費，組織，婚嫁，政治活動的參與，以及戰斗等等，都與從社會科學中衍生出來更加精細的社會系統描述相差不多，盡管它是建立在一個不太完善的個人經驗上的模型。

44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.
有幾項措施可以采取，其中主要的是要所有宣布以保護動物利益為目標的組織都明確宣布他們對于人類所受到的暴力襲擊表決堅定的立場、

45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
用其他方式來展示神經類型的細微差別也是可能的，然而，要證明脈沖質量和傳導受到這些差別的影響還缺乏證據，看起來這些差別影響的是神經單元的發展形成方式。

46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.
根據這一理論，不是由感覺神經脈沖的質量來決定他們產生的各種神經感覺的，而是由他們被發射到大腦的哪一部位來決定的，對這一觀點是有證據的。

47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains.
磨擦的結果是，在葉面上服從正態分布的地方就會產生兩種分布方式，頂點上主要是小塊，其他的地方是小塊，其他的地方是大塊的地方。

48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.
圣經沒有告訴我們羅馬的數據統計者們怎樣達到我們今天的經濟預測的可靠性的，我們進一步思考的話，其中的意見上有很大的不同。

49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.
在英國進行的一項調查證實經常接受X光照射的脊椎關節炎患者癌癥的百分比高得不正常。

50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.
然而，穿過太空的港灣，那里的意識對于我們的來說就像我們的意識比動物的意識一樣，冷酷廣博而無情的智慧，用嫉妒的眼睛看作地球，慢慢地肯定會制定針對我們的計劃。

51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor’s classroom duties.
即使是學術界被長時間認作必須“同盟卡”的博士學位，現在也因為僅僅為了學習本身和知識的累積而學習，卻不把知識應用到教授的教學職責中去而受到了嚴厲的批評。

52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.
盡管收集必要的信息對于兩者來說都是需要的，但官員必須以中立和清晰的態度來提供事實的畫面，而藝術家從已設字的信息或者態度開始，并將其過用激發讀者共鳴和情緒反應的詞語描寫的動用細節描述出來。

53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.
流行期刊中甚至有文章批評國民生產總值，因為它并不是一個福利目錄，一方面忽視了它從來就沒有這種傾向，另一方面的建議是通過正確的改變它才能被轉化過來。

54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
其他的實驗揭示神經細胞的大小、數量、排列和連接的細微變化，但就神經關聯而言，這些感覺區域的相似性比那些細微的區別更有意義可言。

55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.
中國向農民和其它農村住戶發放了宣傳刊物，指導他們觀察動物，以便每戶人家都能參與幫助地震預報。

56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.
星球大戰防御系統的支持者們希望它不僅能保護一個遭受核攻擊的國家，也希望它能成為使核攻擊永不發生的足夠威脅。

57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.
它也不能防止軌道在地球大氣層以內的洲際導彈和轟炸機命中目標。

58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
人民活動家一直認為黑人和拉丁美人難以在生意上立足的原因是因為他們難以取得大公司的大宗訂單和分包合同。

59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.
她認為十九世紀給家庭經濟作出貢獻的孩子才“有用”的概念慢慢改變了，今天提到那些沒有掙取收入的“無用”孩子，甚至還要花銷很多，仍然在情感上被認為是無價的。

60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.
這種關于孩子的觀點到19世紀時已在中上階級中建立，并于19世紀末20世紀初在社會上廣泛傳播，當時改革者們推行童工規定和義務教育法，部分來源于孩子的情感價值的假設，這都使得使用童工被禁止了。