托福聽力講座類lecture涉及到的話題范圍很廣選材眾多，其中有不少話題因為具有較高的學術性，因此考生在缺乏專業背景知識的情況下，會感覺十分生僻冷門無法理解具體內容！！
高頻真題，場景必考詞匯統統都有！！
ETS最喜歡考的托福聽力背景都在這里了！！
托福聽力滿分沖鴨~
今天給大家帶來托福聽力背景知識之——Philosophy--哲學篇
1、Ancient Greek Philosophy
古希臘哲學, 公元前6-公元5世紀出現在希臘本土以及地中海（Mediterranean Sea）沿岸，特別是小亞細亞西部、意大利南部的哲學學說。是西方哲學（Western Philosophy）最初發生和發展 的階段, 集中在辯論與質詢上。
在很多方面，它同時為現代科學與現代哲學鋪設了道路。早期希 臘哲學家對后世產生的影響從未間斷，從早期哲學到文藝復興（Renaissance），再到啟蒙運動 （Enlightenment）和現代的普通科學。對許多宗教，包括基督教（Christian），也有著深遠的影響。
Ancient Greek Philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC and continued throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which Greece and most Greek-inhabited lands were part of the Roman Empire. Philosophy was used to make sense out of the world in a non-religious way. It dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including astronomy, mathematics, political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric and aesthetics. Greek philosophy has influenced much of Western culture since its inception.
2、Socrates
蘇格拉底（469～399 B.C.），古希臘著名思想家、哲學家 （philosopher）、教育家。蘇格拉底與學生柏拉圖 (Plato)，以及柏拉圖的學生亞里士多德 (Aristotle)并稱為 “古希臘三賢” (the Big Three of Greek Philosophy)，被后 人廣泛地認為是西方哲學的奠基者。他屬于形而上學派 （metaphysics）。雅典（Athens）公民，最后被雅典法庭以侮辱雅典神、引進新神論和腐蝕雅典青年思想之罪名判處 死刑。他的哲學思想標志著希臘哲學的一個分水嶺 （watershed）, 在他之前哲學家只研究自然哲學 （philosophy of nature），蘇格拉底卻開始研究倫理（ethics） ，讓哲學“從天上回到了人間”。
Socrates
Socrates was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher of the Western ethical tradition of thought. Socrates exerted a strong influence on philosophers in later antiquity and in the modern era. Depictions of Socrates in art, literature and popular culture have made him one of the most widely known figures in the Western philosophical tradition.
TPO 43 Reading1：
The Athenian philosopher Socrates (470-399 B.C.) was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state, and for this he was accused of not believing in the city’s gods and so corrupting the youth, and he was condemned to death.
在希臘，雅典哲學家蘇格拉底（公元前470-399）是第一個提出道德要基于個人良心 而不是國家要求的人，因為這樣，他被指控不信上帝和腐蝕青年，并且被判了死刑。
3、Plato
柏拉圖（427～347 B.C.），他創造或發展的概念包 括柏拉圖主義（Platonism）和柏拉圖式愛情（Platonic Love）。柏拉圖的主要作品為對話錄《理想國》（The Public），書中主要論述了柏拉圖心中理想的國家的構 建,治理等，其中絕大部分都有蘇格拉底出場。柏拉圖 是西方客觀唯心主義（Objective idealism）的創始人。在西方哲學史上，柏拉圖開創了第一家講哲學思想的 學院（Academy），傳播兩方面的內容，一是教育 (Education)，二是倫理道 德(Ethics)。
Plato
Plato was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder of the Platonist school of thought, and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the pivotal figure in the history of Ancient Greek and Western philosophy, along with his teacher, Socrates, and his most famous student, Aristotle. Plato has also often been cited as one of the founders of Western religion and spirituality. Plato was the innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy. Plato also appears to have been the founder of Western political philosophy.
TPO 31 Lecture1:
The philosopher, Plato, talks about this in the context of education. For Plato, music is an important element in education, but only the right kind of music. That means the kind of music that builds the kind of character a good citizen or a future leader would need. Yes. For Plato, there is a kind of music that instills the qualities of leadership, just as there is a kind of music that makes a person soft and weak. Now, Plato has very specific, very conventional kinds of music in mind. He is not fond of innovation. There were musicians in Plato’s day who were experimenting with different melodies and rhythms. A definite no-no for Plato. He thinks that breaking with tradition leads to all sorts of social problems, serious problems, even the breakdown of the fabric of society.
哲學家柏拉圖，在教育的背景下討論過這個。對于柏拉圖來說，音樂對于教育是非常重要的元素，但這僅限于正確的音 樂。這種音樂指的是能夠塑造一個好公民好的未來領導人優良品性的音樂。是的，對于柏拉圖，有音樂是可以灌入領導力的品 性，這和有的音樂會使人軟弱是一樣的。由于在柏拉圖的腦海中有著非常特定的、傳統的音樂，他并不 是很喜歡創新。在柏拉圖的那個時代，有些音樂家嘗試不同的旋律和節奏。這對于柏拉圖來說絕對是不可以的。他認為打破社會傳統會導致各種社會問題，嚴重的問題，甚至會破壞社會的構造。
3、Aristotle
亞里士多德(384-322BC)，古希臘人，世界古代史 上偉大的哲學家、科學家和教育家之一，希臘哲學的 集大成者。他是柏拉圖的學生，亞歷山大大帝 （Alexander the Great）的老師。作為一位百科全書式的 （encyclopedic）科學家，他幾乎對每個學科都做出了貢 獻。他的寫作涉及倫理學（ethics）、形而上學 （metaphysics）、心理學（psychology）、經濟學 （economics）、神學（theology）、政治學（politics）、修辭 學（rhetorics）、自然科學（natural science）、教育學、詩 歌（poetics），以及雅典法律。在教育上他主張學生德， 智，美全面發展，特別強調音樂在培養兒童修養方面 的作用。
Aristotle
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Along with his teacher Plato, he has been called the "Father of Western Philosophy". His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics and government. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him, and it was above all from his teachings that the West inherited its intellectual lexicon, as well as problems and methods of inquiry.
TPO 2 Lecture3:
Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle - Aristotle's ethical theory. What Aristotle's ethical theory is all about is this:he's trying to show you how to be happy - what true happiness is… Well, Aristotle asks:is there something that all human beings value... and value only intrinsically, for its own sake and only for its own sake? If you could find such a thing, that would be the universal final good, or truly the ultimate purpose or goal for all human beings. Aristotle thought the answer was yes.What is it? Happiness. Everyone will agree, he argues, that happiness is the ultimate end...to be valued for itself and really only for itself.
我們需要討論的另外一個古希臘哲學家是 亞里士多德--亞里士多德的倫理學說。亞里士多德的倫 理學說主要講的是:他試著讓你了解如何變得幸福快樂--什么是真正的幸福快樂。亞里士多德是這樣設問的:存不存在這樣的事物，所有人類都認為它有價值，而且是內在價值，因為 且僅僅因為其自身原因。如果你能找到這樣的事物，那它應該這個世界終極的善舉，或者說 是人類終極目標。亞里士多德給出的答案是肯定的。是什么呢？幸福。大家將不會反 對，他說 幸福快樂是且僅是衡量其本身的最終目標。
好啦，今天的哲學篇學習就到這里啦，小伙伴們看完文章學習覺得有用嗎？
